Developing a Virtual Database

There are few different ways a Virtual Database can be developed. Each method has advantages and disadvantages.

A VDB is developed as file artifact, which can deployed into a Teiid Server. This file artifact contains the metadata about the VDB, or contains the details to fetch the metadata from source data sources. These artifacts can be shared and moved between different servers.

  • vdb.xml : In this file format, you can use combination of XML elements and DDL elements to define the metadata.

  • vdb.ddl : In this file format, you can use strictly DDL using SQL-MED (with few custom extensions) to define the metadata. This can be viewed as next version to the vdb.xml.

  • myvdb.vdb : This is an archive based (zip) file format is combination of above vdb.xml or vdb.ddl file enclosed in zip archive along with any other supporting files like externalized DDL files, UDF libraries. This closely resembles the legacy Designer VDB format, however this will not contain any .INDEX or .XMI files. If the individual schema elements inside a given model/schema is large and managability of that schema in a single vdb file is getting hard as with above formats, then consider using this format. With this you can define each model/schema’s DDL in its own file. The ZIP archive structure must resemble

myvdb.vdb
/META-INF
 vdb.ddl
/schema1.ddl
/schema2.ddl
/lib
  myudf.jar

vdb.xml and vdb.ddl may be deployed as standalone files. As a standalone file, the VDB file name pattern must adhere to "-vdb.xxx" for the Teiid VDB deployer to recognize this file.

They may also be contained in a .vdb zip file along with other relevant files, such as jars, additional ddl, and static file resources.

Important
 It is important to note that, the metadata represented by the VDB formats is EXACTLY same in all different ways. In fact, you can convert a VDB from one type to the other.

Steps to follow in developing a VDB

This will walk through developing a DDL based VDB.

Step 1: Pick Name and Version

Pick the name and version of the virtual database you want to create. From previous example this represents

CREATE DATABASE my_example VERSION '1.0.0';
USE DATABASE my_example VERSION '1.0.0';

Step 2: Configuring a Source(s)

When working with external sources, there are few extra steps need to be followed, as not all the software components required for the connection nor configuration are automatically provided by Teiid.

Step 2B: Find the module to connect to External Source

  • Typically all relational databases are connected using their JDBC drivers. Find out if the external source has a JDBC driver? if this source has JDBC driver, then acquire the driver jar file.

  • Once the driver is acquired, then make sure this driver is Type 4 driver, and then deploy this driver into Teiid server using either web-console application or CLI admin-console. The below example shows deploying the Oracle driver in Teiid Server based on WildFly using CLI admin-console. If driver is not Type 4, it can be still used, but more set up is needed.

</wildfly/bin>$./jboss-cli.sh --connect
[standalone@localhost:9990 /] deploy /path/to/ojdbc6.jar

  • if the source does not have JDBC driver and has resource-adapter provided by Teiid, then driver for it is already available in Teiid server. No further action required for this.

Step 2C: Create a Connection to External Source

  • Based on above driver or resource adapter a connection to the external source need to be created. There are many methods to create a data source connection.

  • Teiid Server (choose one method from below)

    • Edit the wildfly/standalone/configuration/standalone-teiid.xml file and add respective data source or resource adapter configuration. The examples of these templates are provided in wildfly/docs/teiid/datasources directory.

    • Use Teiid Web-console and follow the directions to create a data source or resource-adapter.

    • Use CLI admin-console and execute the script. The sample scripts are given in wildfly/docs/teiid/datasources directory. Also, checkout documentation at Administrator’s Guide for more details.

  • Teiid Embedded

    • Create the connection programmatically, by supplying your own libraries to connect to the source.

From previous example this represents

CREATE SERVER pgsql
    VERSION 'one' FOREIGN DATA WRAPPER postgresql
    OPTIONS (
        "resource-name" 'java:/postgres-ds'
    );
Warning
 This probably is most challenging step in terms of understanding Teiid, make sure you follow before going further into next steps.

Step 3: Create Source Schema

Now that access the external sources is defined, "source schema" or models as shown before needs to be created and metadata needs to be defined.

From previous example this represents

CREATE SCHEMA test SERVER pgsql;
SET SCHEMA test;

SET SCHEMA statement sets the context in which following DDL statements to fall in.

Schema component is defined, but it has no metadata. i.e tables, procedures or functions. These can be defined one of two ways for a source model, either importing the metadata directly from the source system itself, or defining the DDL manually inline in this file.

Step 3A: Import Metadata

  • Using the data source connections created in Step 2, import the metadata upon deployment of the VDB. Note that this capability is slightly different for each source, as to what and how/what kind of metadata is. Check individual source’s translator documentation for more information. From previous example this represents

IMPORT FOREIGN SCHEMA public FROM SERVER pgsql INTO test
    OPTIONS(
        importer.tableTypes 'TABLE,VIEW'
);

The above import statement is saying that, import the "public" schema from external data source defined by "pgsql" into local "test" schema in Teiid. It also further configures to only fetch TABLE, VIEW types, and do not use fully qualified schema names in the imported metadata. Each translator/source has many of these configuration options you can use to filter/refine your selections, for more information consult the translator documents at Translators for every source you are trying to connect to.

Step 3B: Define Metadata using DDL

Instead of importing the metadata, you can manually define the tables and procedures inline to define the metadata. This will be further explained in next sections detail on every DDL statement supported. For example, you can define a table like

CREATE FOREIGN TABLE CUSTOMER (
    SSN char(10) PRIMARY KEY,
    FIRSTNAME string(64),
    LASTNAME string(64),
    ST_ADDRESS string(256),
    APT_NUMBER string(32),
    CITY string(64),
    STATE string(32),
    ZIPCODE string(10)
);
Warning
 Please note that when metadata is defined in this manner, the source system must also have representative schema to support any queries resulting from this metadata. Teiid CAN NOT automatically create this structure in your data source. For example, with above table definition, if you are connecting Oracle database, the Oracle database must have the existing table with matching names. Teiid can not create this table in Oracle for you.

  • Repeat this Step 2 & Step 3, for all the external data sources to be included in this VDB

Step 5: Create Virtual Views

  • Now using the above source’s metadata, define the abstract/logical metadata layer using Teiid’s DDL syntax. i.e. create VIEWS, PROCEDURES etc to meet the needs of your business layer. For example (pseudo code):

CREATE VIRTUAL SCHEMA reports;

CREATE VIEW SalesByRegion (
   quarter date,
   amount decimal,
   region varchar(50)
) AS
  SELECT ... FROM Sales JOIN Region on x = y WHERE ...

  • Repeat this step as needed any number of Virtual Views you need. You can refer to View tables in one view from others.

Step 6: Deploy the VDB

  • Once the VDB is completed, then this VDB needs to be deployed to the Teiid Server. (this is exactly same as you deploying a WAR file for example). One can use Teiid web-console or CLI admin-console to do this job. For example below cli can be used

deploy my-vdb.ddl

Step 7: Client Access

  • Once the VDB is available on the Teiid Server in ACTIVE status, this VDB can be accessed from any JDBC/ODBC connection based applications. You can use BI tools such as Tableau, Business Objects, QuickView, Pentaho by creating a connection to this VDB. You can also access the VDB using OData V4 protocol without any further coding.

No matter how you are developing the VDB, whether you are using the tooling or not, the above are steps to be followed to build a successful VDB.

vdb.xml

The vdb-deployer.xsd schema for this xml file format is available in the schema folder under the docs with the Teiid distribution.

See also link:r_xml-deployment-mode.adoc

VDB Zip Deployment

For more complicated scenarios you are not limited to just an xml/ddl file deployment. In a vdb zip deployment:

  • The deployment must end with the extension .vdb

  • The vdb xml file must be zip under /META-INF/vdb.xml

  • If a /lib folder exists any jars found underneath will automatically be added to the vdb classpath.

  • Files within the VDB zip are accessible by a Custom Metadata Repository using the MetadataFactory.getVDBResources() method, which returns a map of all VDBResources in the VDB keyed by absolute path relative to the vdb root. The resources are also available at runtime via the SYSADMIN.VDBResources table.

  • The built-in DDL-FILE metadata repository type may be used to define DDL-based metadata in other files within the zip archive. This improves the memory footprint of the vdb metadata and the maintainability of the metadata.

Example VDB Zip Structure
/META-INF
   vdb.xml
/ddl
   schema1.ddl
/lib
   some-udf.jar

In the above example a vdb.xml could use a DDL-FILE metadata type for schema1:

<model name="schema1" ...
   <metadata type="DDL-FILE">/ddl/schema1.ddl</metadata>
</model>

The contents inside schema1.ddl can include DDL for Schema Objects

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